Age Discrimination And Its Impact On Career Building Case Study

Age Discrimination And Its Impact On Career Building - Case Study Example Jack Gross decided to sue the company in an effort to prove that it was age discrimination acting as the rationale for why he had been shifted in the company and his job responsibilities slowly taken away and given to younger staff members. The courts found enough evidence to favor the position of Jack Gross, however, FBL appealed the decision, taking it to a higher court. Eventually, the case reached the Supreme Court who upheld the decisions of the lower courts, deciding that there was ample evidence available that discrimination was the cause of his career status position change. Gross was awarded damages as identified by the ADEA, the Age Discrimination in Employment Act. This act provides compensatory damages when discrimination is found to have been the deciding factor for making improper age-related decisions in the workplace. The include damages that are determined equal to the level of humiliation, injury, pain, and suffering, or professional reputation damage that has occurred (elinfonet.com, 2010). Then Justice C. Thomas of the Supreme Court identified as the final appeal was considered, â€Å"under the ADEA the plaintiff retains the burden of persuasion to establish that age was the ‘but-for cause of the employer's adverse action† (laborlawyers.com, 2009, p.2). Because of the nature of how his position had been shifted and mismanaged, there was enough evidence and/or testimony to make the court system believe that Gross had been deliberately targeted for age discrimination and it was the aforementioned but-for cause of his shifts within the company. Under the ADEA, and in the case of Mr. Gross, he may have been awarded compensation in the form of back pay, which is another provision for damages available when all of the criteria have been met for proving the but-for reasoning (elinfonet.com).

The Sampling Of Existing Documentation Information Technology Essay

The Sampling Of Existing Documentation Information Technology Essay System analyst uses sampling techniques in order to organize the above documentation. Sampling technique is the process of combing a representative sample of documents, form and records (Bentley, Whitten, 2007). According to these authors there are two commonly used sampling techniques namely randomization and stratification. Randomization is the process of selecting sample data randomly. Stratification is the systematic process to deduct the variance of sampling data. We can have better understanding of the system due to the analysis of existing documents, forms, files related to the current system. JRP is the structured group work meeting to identify, analyze problems and define the requirements of system. JRP is becoming increasingly common in systems planning and systems analysis to obtain group consensus on problems, objectives and requirements (Bentley and Whitten; 2007). JRP can tabulate the facts efficiently in a short time and it can also replace in the place of numerous and separate interviews. JRP contains different participants with each specialized roles to perform structured meeting. JRP participants include sponsor, facilitator, users and managers, scribes and IT staff. Sponsor is an individual in top management, who has full authority to decide who will be participants, time and location of JRP session. The role of facilitator is to lead JRP session, motivate participants, solve conflicts and meet the requirements of meeting during the JRP session. Users in JRP session are responsible for rules and requirement of business, prototype, and satisfactory decisions. An d Managers are responsible for projects, schedules and costs and training requirements. Scribes job is to record everything discussed in the meeting. IT staff responsible for models and documentation concerning with facts during the discussion. JRP is formed different individuals with various roles and covers both in users and in management levels. JRP saves time to develop systems as it is not required one-on-one interviewing of each participant within the organization. When JRP incorporates prototyping as a means for confirming requirements and obtaining design approvals, the benefits of prototyping are realized (Bentley and Whitten; 2007). In this paper we discussed about the seven fact-finding techniques based on studying our text book and some articles. During our assignment, we become to understand that if the system analyst knows details of fact-finding techniques, they can get knowledge of gathering the required information to develop the current system.

The Greatest Motivational Factor in My Life Essay example -- Motivatio

Motivation is the process by which one is moved, whether the process is external or internal. It encourages one to do something or not to do something. It can bring about positive change or a negative reaction depending on the situation. Many things affect motivation such as, the environment, your family background, schools, the government, and many other stimuli. Probably the greatest motivational factor in my life is my mother. She has always encouraged me to complete my education, many times when I did not want to. I remember once when I was going to drop out of college, she nearly threatened me with bodily harm if I didn’t finish. Of course, I can’t say that I blame her, I only had one year left. I am extremely glad that she did. I have always had the notion that I had to please everyone else when I was growing up. In elementary school, I had to always do good because my older brothers and sisters were good. Naturally I had to behave as well. I come from a large family. My parents had 15 children! Everyone one of us graduated from high school as well as worked on a farm. When I attended school, all I ever heard was that your brother or sister did well with this subject so you will naturally do as well. Sometimes this was good motivation and sometimes it was not a good tactic to use. There was always one good thing going for the Jacobs family, which was the fact that all of us liked math in school and it was real easy. It is no wonder we had straight A’s i...

Authority Essay

Define the term â€Å"authority.† What does it mean to be authoritative, and how do you go about establishing whether a source is, indeed, credible? Why is it important to not only invite authorities to speak in your writing, but also to establish your own authority as you write? Authority by definition: the power to give orders or make decisions, or the power or right to direct or control someone or something, or the confident quality of someone who knows a lot about something or who is respected or obeyed by other people (Merriam-Webster, 2010). Figures of authority are extraordinarily significant to the credibility within any paper. Including citation from members of society with an advanced skill set will not only solidify proposed ideas, but can also aid in swaying an argument (Ballenger, 17). Valid credibility can go a long way in improving the impact a piece makes on its reader. While it is important to include factual information of the writer’s proposed idea, it is equally important to establish a voice within the piece. Each article of information that comes from a professional standpoint can be a stepping stone towards the finished product of the writer’s work. Weaving an authoritative voice simultaneously strengthens the paper as well as the validity of the writer’s work. Lastly, citing authoritative individuals in a piece will grant the permission of their facts without sending the writer towards plagiarism. Although it is often unintentional, plagiarism happens quite frequently. It is imperative to the writer that citations of an authority figure (ie: scholars, researchers, critics, or specialists) are included in their piece to ensure the professionalism of their message can be brought to light using convincing sources.

Pregnant Inmates

When carrying a child it is important to get the right care and right nutrition to assure mother and baby are healthy throughout the whole process. While at home, the right amount of prenatal medication and nutrients can be consumed with no doubt. There are also books and online sources you can refer to while at home to get information on whats going on with your body. Also your doctor is just a call away if you experience any issues or have any questions during your pregnancy. Now imagine you are in jail.Its understandable you should have to do the time for the crime you commited. Your unborn child however, should not have to suffer your consequences. More then 2,000 children are born behind bars each year. (7) Pregnant inmate’s access to these kinds of resources are limited. They really do not know what is in their food, it probably is not the most healthy thing you could be eating. You can not access information about your pregnancy and the best you will be able to get for medical personal is the enfermery unless they decicde it is sereve enough to take to the hospital.Nothing is really your decsion in jail, if you are unfortunate enough to have to be pregnant in jail the least they could do is treat the women better. Given what we know about prenatal care, prisons should give better care to pregnant inmates. One very important thing to worry about while being pregnant is medical care. People usually do not realize how much medical care pregnant women need. There are the vitamins, the checkups, the ultrasounds, and much more. Medical care should start even before becoming pregnant checking to see if your body is healthy enough to handle a baby inside of you.The earlier you know you are pregnant the better off the baby and mother will be. Medical conditions can form within the first month of pregnancy. If incarcerated it is not as easy to figure out if you became pregnant or not. While in jail is it manadated under the eighth amendment for inmates to r eceive adequate medical care from an infirmary in the jail or from outside sources the jail provides. A pregnant women in prision is to be given proper mecial care whether or not she decides to keep the baby.This is a law and the ACLU is working on making sure every prision is giving pregnant women the proper  medical care throughout the whole country. Choosing doctors is also something that has to be done after getting pregnant.Usually women try to find doctors they are comfortable with. Inmates do not have the choice of what doctors they want. They get what is provided by the prision whether they like it or not. This could lead to a miserable pregnancy for mom. Most women would rather be provided a doctor in jail rather then having to be brought out somewhere. They find it embarrassing being shackled and in a jumpsuit with a big pregnant belly. ( 4) Think about it. Most people do not like to stand out from a crowd.Being pregnant and in an orange jump suit in a doctor’s of fice is like being a clown in a doctor’s office considering how much you are going to stick out. Another issue while being pregnant in jail is your living conditions and the treatment you get from other inmates. Would you rather be the mothers you see on television sitting in a nice home or be the poor pregnant imates getting treated like caged animals. Inmates are defintely not going to receive the comfort most mothers would want. Your going to be living behind bars in a cold jail cell with none of the comforts you would have if you were in your own home.Sleeping is going to be a big struggle. The hard bed is not going to be the first choice for someone with a watermelon sized belly. Pregnant women should be provided extra things in their cells to just give them a little more comfort, like a better padded bed. In prision, mothers also don’t get as much time with their babies. Babies do get taken away from their mothers at certain times. Mother and child bonding time i s crucial at that newborn age. (7) If you think you are going to get treated the same in prision by your fellow inmates if your are a new mother or pregnant you are completely wrong.They will look at you different and pretty much see you as prey. Being hormonal from your pregnancy that is the last thing you want to be feeling. The feeling of being unsafe in prision can not be good at all. Women now have to worry about themselves and their babies being at risk of getting hurt. Most prisions still shackle women while they are giving birth or go outside of the prision. Restraints can make a pregnant inmate more opt to fall and if they fall the right way they could even kill their baby. (4) This is not right at all.If complications were to happen this could go very bad because it could make it harder for the doctors to get to mother. It is not fair mothers really are not going to escape at that point in time in that much pain and if choosen on pain killing drugs. Treatmant should be cha nged for pregnant inmates. Nutrition is also a huge factor when carrying a child. We can all agree that prision food is not the most healthiest thing you could be eating. They have inmates making that food and you never know what could be thrown in there that could be harmful to the mother or baby.You are going to have to be eating some what more now because of course, you are eating for two. A normal pregnant women should be eating 6-11 servings of grains, 3-4 servings of fruit, 3-5 servings of vegetables, 3-4 servings of protein, 4 servings of dairy, and ocasionally fats and oils. ( 6)While in prision, you don’t know what is going in your body. Women should have the option of eating healthier special food while pregnant, expecially those who decide they want to breast feed their child after its birth. What the mother intakes is also what the baby intakes.There is no picking your food in prision. What is on the menu is on the menu and there really is no changing it. Eating a nd doing certain things during your pregnancy can affect your child. It is known if you eat a lot of peanuts it will predispose your child to food allegies. Getting sick off of food is one thing when you’re eating for your own body but when you’re eating for two it’s a different story. You do not want to get your baby sick. Babies are at very high risk when still in the womb. You have the people out there that do not care about pregnant inmates at all.They think that if they did the crime they should do the time. That is completely understandable but why should the baby have to do the time as well? Why should the baby be put through the horrible diet and lack of care. If children are born with disablilities there is nothing they could have done about that. They were a poor innocent little person inside of someones body they were dependent on. Usually the people who say they do not care are men. Mostly men work in prision facilities. I got this statistic from cou nting men to women on a floor in the South Bay correction facitlity in Boston.Men do not understand how important things are when it comes to motherly stuff. I understand some are fathers but no father can ever give a child motherly love like a mother can. Babies get taken away many times in a prision.Pregnant women are still receiving the time and punishment about being away from their family at one the most important times in their life. Who cares if there was little tweks here and there to make it a little more comfortable or a little safer. Really you have to step back and look at the baby not the mother that did the crime. Are shackles a really big deal to someone?I do not think it is that hard to catch a pregnant women on the run. If police can not do that how would they ever catch a robber or someone who is in shape? I believe they should at somepoint make pregnant women their own jail or maybe their own wing. It is not like pregnancy is a whole new thing to society. It happe ns to most women. Any point brought up about having pregnant women be treated the same in any way can be fought and won because of the circumstances of what pregnant women are dealing with. Another question people wonder is what happens to these babies born behind bars?What happens to those 2,000 children each year? Before the 1950’s babies born behind bars would just stay in prision nurseries and be brought up by their mothers. It costs about 24,000 dollars to raise a baby in jail and when the number of women in prison increased by 832 percent between 1977 and 2007 it was to expensive to keep children in prison with their mothers. (7) Women are now forced to hand over custody of their child to a relative or the state so that baby can go into foster care. There is also a new thing that some prisons started doing.Mothers are able to keep their children in prison with them as long as their sentence is short and they are not in prison for anything violent. There is great competi tion to get into this because the numbers are limited. Prison is not an ideal place for a baby but it is better then getting ripped away from their mother at an early age. Given what we know about prenatal care, prisons should give different care to pregnant inmates. While being pregnant it is a special time for women. You can take away some things from them but it is just not fair to take everything away especially the things that could change a baby’s lifestyle later in life.People don’t realize that such a simple thing like the comfort of a comfortable bed and a blanket could make a huge difference for a pregnant woman. Some things are clear of what a pregnant women needs. For example different food plans and different vitamins and care. Prisons have to give women some things just for the fact that it’s the law. I really do not think it will kill anyone to give a little slack to someone who sadly has to be pregnant and in prison. Honestly you would never want that to be you.

Behind Cisneross Mind and Experience Professor Ramos Blog

Behind Cisneross Mind and Experience Photo Credit: https://www.sandracisneros.com/events Sandra Cisneros is widely known in American literature for the poems, stories, and novels she writes. Those stories reflect on the themes of love, religion, feminism, family, hardships, and the livelihood of the characters she creates and introduces in her stories. Actually, the themes Sandra Cisneros implements in her literary works of art not just reflected upon just that. The specific themes that are reflected upon are her life growing up with a hollow family; the hardships she faced as the only daughter in her family and as a Latina in the outside world; her deep experience in searching for the passion and wisdom that inspired her to wrote; her experiences as a teacher; the many authors and artists that inspired her to write her novels and stories; and the many literary works, such as The House on Mango Street, that have received critical acclaims for her work. Sandra Cisneros is the embodiment of telenovelas in her literary works because of the hardships she had dealt with in h er family, at school, and throughout her livelihood. One of the factors that became an inspiration for Sandra Cisneros’s literary work was from the experience she had with her family. Cisneros tries to get along with the family especially with the hardships she had faced within the family regarding her relationship with her parents; Cisneros being the only daughter and living with six brothers; and moving back and forth from one place to another. One of the factors regarding family, was Cisneros’s relationship with her parents. On her mother’s side, it seemed like the connection between her and her mother was good. Everyday, Cisnero’s mother would tell her â€Å"good luck†, but in a form of a malapropism by saying â€Å"Good lucky!† (Gonzlez 3). Moreover, the relationship between Cisneros and her father was nothing but â€Å"a complicated relationship† (Gonzlez 3). But regardless of the roughness in the family bond between her and her father, Cisneros still loves him no matter what happ ens. Another contributing part to Cisneros’s literary theme of family was the fact that her family has not been open to her. In an interview with Cisneros, she stated, â€Å" Most times, family are the least reluctant to tell me anything, and that’s why I have to invent so much when it comes to family’s stories† (â€Å"Interview with Sandra Cisneros† 1). Evidently, her statement to what inspired the family theme in her stories is because of the fact that she stays close to family even if they don’t tell her much things about their lives. This is further stated in that same interview when she said, â€Å"But maybe it’s just my family that doesn’t talk about their inner life to me. Especially after I became a writer† (â€Å"Interview with Sandra Cisneros† 1). Regarding to Cisneros’s travels between Chicago and Mexico, it was a stretch for her since â€Å"she would move between Mexico City and Chicago† (Mathias 1). That being said, her sense of having a permanent home is lost when it came to her being the only daughter; â€Å"not having sisters or friends† (Mathias 1) because of her travels; and her family not being open enough to even engage in a conversation. Another theme that is implemented in Cisneros’s livelihood and in her stories is the sense of having a permanent home without any problems. The theme of home has been one of the central themes in her literary works â€Å"usually in the form of clever aphorisms† (Gonzlez 2). In one of her literary works, The Little House, she wrote that the house in that work of literature was â€Å"permanent and stable† (Mathias 1) house because â€Å"it was one house for one family† (Mathias 1). From that metaphor of a stable house, she considered as â€Å"her dream house† (Mathias 1) because of the integrity of her family relating to how stable her dream house is. That theme also applied to her â€Å"as a metaphor to other developments in her life† (Gonzlez 2). In other words, the events and other experiences the Cisneros had gone through were developing as the foundation for her idea of home. Simply put, she is the home. Looking at the idea of what her dr eam house should look like and the experiences she had gone through, it was as if the foundation of her house was firm, but a little bit critical. As mentioned earlier, the fact that she was the only daughter and that she did not have much friends due to her family travels got her into â€Å"reading and burying herself in books† (Mathias 1). From that point on, her interests in reading got her into writing poetry and later becoming a literary magazine editor in high school (Mathias 1). From being the poet and high school magazine editor she is, her passion for reading and writing later grew during her college years. After that, she became a teacher educating students that dropped out of high school in Chicago neighborhoods. From her experience as a teacher, two things had happened: she learned and understood â€Å"the problems of young Latinas† (Mathias 1) and that she didn’t want to be a teacher because she didn’t have enough confidence and that the teac hing job took up her writing time (Gonzlez 3). But from that teaching experiences, it brought Cisneros to a point where she understood herself and improved her skills in writing after growing out of the holes of where she had a â€Å"lack of knowledge† (Gonzlez 3) and â€Å"immaturity at the time of her writing† (Gonzlez 3). Furthermore, Cisneros better understood the concepts of the love, family, feminism, religion, and the many that she implemented in her stories. As mentioned earlier, Cisneros’s family does not tell her much which leads to the point where she comes up with characters for her stories. Those characters are actually people she â€Å"has encountered in her lifetime† (Mathias 1). The stories she writes focus on the topic she had a better understanding of which are the ones that she considers as important: feminism, love, oppression, and religion (Mathias 1). On the theme of feminism, she has that theme deeply rooted in her literary works because of the fact that she had been the only daughter living with six brothers. Moreover, she got a better sense of it when she heard about the many problems the Latinas had in her classes during her years of teaching. In an Interview with Cisneros, she made two important notes on how much hardships women go through. She pointed out that women face hardships â€Å"because the world is so patriarchal† (â€Å"Interview with Sandra Cisneros 1) and that women are â€Å"contro lled by the Church, State, and consumerism† (â€Å"Interview with Sandra Cisneros 2). Cisneros further stated in the same interview that women weren’t â€Å"allowed information about their own bodies, control of their fertility, church and state dictating choices that belong to women themselves† (â€Å"Interview with Sandra Cisneros† 2). From her words, Cisneros states that women are restrained by society to what they can only see, hear, and understand. Everything else is off their limits and cannot be absorbed for their knowledge. That being said, Cisneros later pointed out that these excessive limitations among women are what drove its constituents to two pathways: one where women â€Å"equate ‘Girls Gone Wild’† to liberation† (â€Å"Interview with Sandra Cisneros† 2) and another path where women â€Å"don’t but the Paris Hilton model† (â€Å"Interview with Sandra Cisneros† 2). Cisneros brings up tho se two sides because she came across women who don’t have the full idea of feminism and women who are intelligent and independent beings. Another notable theme that is also focused on Cisneros’s literature is the theme of love and hardships between a man and woman. A definitive example of this theme is â€Å"Woman Hollering Creek† talks about the story of a loving relationship that turned abusive between a man, Juan Pedro, and a woman, Cleà ³filas. As the relationship is strained between the two due to their responsibility for their child and the man’s acts of abuse on the woman, Cleà ³filas dealt with her husband’s abuse by seeing it as a joyful act that can be happily cried over. She thought of this abusiveness as a good thing because she thought that â€Å"to suffer for love is good† (Cisneros 45). In a sense, Cleà ³filas is like a sponge absorbing the pain coming from her husband’s wrongdoing. Another pointer in this relationship was when Cleà ³filas was slapped around by Juan Pedro many times. Her response to that physical abuse was that â€Å"she didn’t fight back, she didn’t break into tears, she didn’t run away as she imagined she might when she saw such things in the telenovelas† (Cisneros 47). From this story, Cisneros correlated â€Å"Woman Hollering Creek† to the hardships some women face in relationships and to the time she mentioned that women face times where they’re restricted by society and the patriarchy. Photo Credit: https://news.avclub.com/weekend-box-office-dont-cry-for-me-la-llorona-1834220769 From the hardships and many experiences Sandra Cisneros had dealt with throughout her life, she was able to come up with themes based on her experiences with her family, education, and knowledge, she is acclaimed as one of the top American literature figures and writers in this country. These stories varied from themes relating to family, feminism, love, and hardships. Out of the work she had done and praise Cisneros had received, it came to a point where her literary works are taught in schools and colleges across the United States. From Cisneros, she sees this as a form of showing her experiences to readers who take in what she had gone through by reading stories about characters that define the themes that Cisneros writes into her literary works of art. Annotated Bibliography Cisneros, Sandra. Woman Hollering Creek and Other Stories. Vintage Books, 2002. The literary works of Sandra Cisneros defines the themes of feminism, the patriarchy’s control over women, her culture, family, love, home, and much more through the stories she had written. She conveys stories, such as â€Å"Woman Hollering Creek†, as a way of inspiring her readers of her thoughts about feminism and how women are affected in relationships and in the outside world. â€Å"Woman Hollering Creek† is mentioned in this analysis to talk about the the topic of hardships that women face in abuse relationships. Sandra Cisneros is a renowned author for literary works like â€Å"The House on Mango Street†, â€Å"Woman Hollering Creek†, â€Å"Eleven†, and many other literary works. Gonzlez, Rigoberto. â€Å"Sandra Cisneros Opens up about Her Life in A House of My Own.† Los Angeles Times, Los Angeles Times, 1 Oct. 2015, www.latimes.com/books/la-ca-jc-1004- sandra-cisneros-20151004-story.html. The article talks about the experiences Sandra Cisneros had gone through which was the inspiration that led her to coming with literary works of art. She goes into detail by talking about her life with family; acting as a teacher for high school dropouts; becoming a writer with a clear understanding of what it means to have a stable life; and the hardships she and many women go through in society. This article will be used to discuss Cisneros’s family life, her years as a bookworm in school and a writer in college; and how she better understood herself. Rigoberto Gonzlez is a writer and critic for the Los Angeles Times. He is also an English professor at the State University of New Jersey. Mathias, Kelly. â€Å"Sandra Cisneros.† Sandra Cisneros, web.mit.edu/21f.714/ www/hispanos/ cisneros.html. This summary of Sandra Cisneros sums up her metaphor of an ideal of home relating to her livelihood; her life as a child dealing with her family’s constant travels; and the inspiration behind her literary works, such as â€Å"The House on Mango Street†. From this, Cisneros has received many praises and acclaims for her works because of how much her books share an inspiration to many readers. This summary is used to discuss Cisneros’s childhood and the hardships she had faced. Kelly Mathias was a student at the University of Minnesota. She wrote this paper as part of her coursework for one the English courses she took during her college years there. â€Å"Interview with Sandra Cisneros.† Chicago Public Library, www.chipublib.org/interview-with- sandra-cisneros/. With the release of â€Å"The House on Mango Street†, Cisneros answered some questions during an interview regarding her life as the only daughter in the family going through life and her understanding of what women go through as society tightens their grip on them. Cisneros also discusses how she better understands the themes involved in her literary works. This interview is used in this literary analysis to further the integrity of the notions of the themes Cisneros brought up in her literature. The Chicago Public Library contains excerpts and biographies regarding various authors of literary works which are also seen at the start or end of the same piece of literature.

Oration vs. Peroration

Oration vs. Peroration Oration vs. Peroration Oration vs. Peroration By Maeve Maddox The Chicago Manual of Style warns careful writers to avoid confusing the words oration and peroration: A peroration, strictly speaking, is the conclusion of an oration (speech). Careful writers avoid using peroration to refer to a rousing speech or text. In its rhetorical sense, a peroration is the concluding part of a speech intended to sum things up and rouse the audience to some action. He[concluded] his speech with a peroration whose purpose was to remind the audience that he was among the few Republicans with a plausible shot at occupying the White House. Toward the end of the speech, King departed from his prepared text for a partly improvised peroration on the theme I have a dream The expression â€Å"a rousing peroration† in the sense of â€Å"a fiery speech,† is to be avoided, if for no other reason than it’s a clichà ©. In other contexts, however, the word peroration has been used since the 15th century to refer to a whole speech or utterance. Shakespeare used peroration in 1591 as a synonym for discourse: Nephew, what means this passionate discourse, †¨This peroration with such circumstance? †¨For France, tis ours; and we will keep it still. –Henry VI, Part II, I.i, 111. Later writers, including Harriet Beecher Stowe, Sinclair Lewis, Mark Twain, and F. Scott Fitzgerald, all used peroration to refer to comments other than the concluding part of an oration. In the following example from recent news item, peroration refers to a speech and not to the concluding part of a speech: When the de Blasios arrived a little after 10, the candidate gave a brief peroration to the gathering outside, which surely numbered more than one hundred. Certainly it would be an error to speak of â€Å"the perorations of Pericles† if what is meant are â€Å"the orations of Pericles.† But while the use of peroration as a synonym for speech might be justly considered stilted diction, it’s not an occasion for ridicule. Calling a politician’s whistle stop speech a peroration is no worse than using decimate to mean â€Å"to kill an indeterminate number of people† because the word’s â€Å"real† meaning is â€Å"to kill one in ten.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:20 Great Opening Lines to Inspire the Start of Your Storyâ€Å"As Well As† Does Not Mean â€Å"And†Dealing With A Character's Internal Thoughts

University of Illinois at Springfield Admissions Data

University of Illinois at Springfield Admissions Data University of Illinois at Springfield Description: The University of Illinois at Springfield is a public, four-year institution located near Lake Springfield on the southern edge of Springfield, Illinois. St. Louis, Missouri, is about 90 miles to the south. A medium sized university, UIS has about 5,000 students, a student/faculty ratio of 12 to 1, and an average class size of 15. U.S. News World Reports Americas Best Colleges 2013 ranked UIS second among public Regional Universities in the Midwest Region, and the university takes pride in being large enough to offer a broad range of academic fields, but small enough to provide students with personalized attention. UIS is part of the University of Illinois system along with the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and the University of Illinois at Chicago. UIS offers a wide range of graduate and undergraduate majors, and the most popular fields span the humanities, sciences, social sciences, and professional fields. The university also offers online courses, with some undergra duate and graduate degrees offered entirely online. UIS has more than 85 student clubs and organizations on campus, as well as a range of intramural sports. For intercollegiate athletics, the UIS Prairie Stars compete in the NCAA Division II Great Lakes Valley Conference. The university fields six mens and eight womens intercollegiate sports.   Admissions Data (2016): University of Illinois - Springfield Acceptance Rate: 65%Test Scores 25th / 75th PercentileSAT Critical Reading: 423  / 598SAT Math: 463  / 548SAT Writing: - / -What these SAT numbers meanACT Composite: 20 / 26ACT English: 20 / 27ACT Math: 18 / 26ACT Writing: - / -What these ACT numbers mean Enrollment (2016): Total Enrollment: 5,428 (2,959 undergraduates)Gender Breakdown: 49% Male / 51% Female65% Full-time Costs (2016 - 17): Tuition and Fees: $11,413  (in-state); $20,938 (out-of-state)Books: $1,200 (why so much?)Room and Board: $9,600Other Expenses: $2,700Total Cost: $24,913  (in-state); $34,438 (out-of-state) University of Illinois at Springfield Financial Aid (2015- 16): Percentage of New Students Receiving Aid: 95%Percentage of New Students Receiving Types of AidGrants: 92%Loans: 55%Average Amount of AidGrants: $12,449Loans: $5,449 Academic Programs: Most Popular Majors:  Biology, Business Administration, Communication, Computer Science, English, Psychology, Social Work Graduation and Retention Rates: First Year Student Retention (full-time students): 73%4-Year Graduation Rate: 37%6-Year Graduation Rate: 50% Intercollegiate Athletic Programs: Mens Sports:  Soccer, Tennis, Golf, Basketball, BaseballWomens Sports:  Softball, Tennis, Volleyball, Basketball, Soccer, Golf Data Source: National Center for Educational Statistics If You Like UIS, You May Like These Schools as Well: University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign:  Profile  |  GPA-SAT-ACT GraphUniversity of Illinois at Chicago:  Profile  |  GPA-SAT-ACT GraphIllinois State University:  Profile  |  GPA-SAT-ACT GraphEastern Illinois University:  Profile  Southern Illinois University-Carbondale:  Profile  |  GPA-SAT-ACT GraphBradley University:  Profile  |  GPA-SAT-ACT GraphDePaul University:  Profile  |  GPA-SAT-ACT GraphNorthern Illinois University:  Profile  |  GPA-SAT-ACT GraphLoyola University Chicago:  Profile  |  GPA-SAT-ACT Graph University of Illinois at Springfield Mission Statement: complete mission statement can be found at  uis.edu/strategicplan/plan/sectionone/mission/ The University of Illinois at Springfield provides an intellectually rich, collaborative, and intimate learning environment for students, faculty, and staff, while serving local, regional, state, national, and international communities.

Human Resources Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Human Resources Management - Essay Example It is a means of industrial government since it is different from unilateral and workers’ control management. The Donovan Commission bargained for it in 1960s, but in 1980s and 1990s, the employers reduced the range of issues regulated jointly, e.g. work pace and organization, and restored unilateral management (Braton and Gold, 2001:318). After the World War II, bargaining was used to determine the working condition of employees and their pay. This transformed the workplaces bringing with it power balance and the growth of shop stewards’ organization. This organization aimed at fighting for the employees’ rights using striking strategies (Inman et al., 2010:214). The conservative government in 1970 was against the trade unions; a move that led to political and industrial militancy. This saw the labour government create a social contract in order to control the employees’ wages. This was followed by strikes between 1978 and 1979 to oppose the move by the g overnment (Gilmore and Williams, 2009:24-44). In light of this information, this paper examines the managerial styles, objectives and strategies used in trade union and non-union organisations. Employment relationship With the election of Margaret Thatcher under the Conservative government in 1979, the reversal of conservatives’ policies was experienced. ... This saw election of union leaders and an increased union militancy. Major challenges during this time included reduced state jobs and services and an increase in the private sector influence. This had a dramatic influence on employment relations leading to massive opposition from trade unions (Price, 2007:413). Managerial Styles and Objectives of Managing the Employment Relationship There are four styles of managing employment relationships, which influence management strategies and human resource management practices. These are traditionalist, sophisticated paternalists, sophisticated moderns and standard moderns. These styles have different objectives that define their nature. The traditionalist style is authoritative, hostile and does not entertain trade unions (Pynes, 2008:215). Sophisticated paternalists refuse to recognize unions, but they ensure employees are committed to the organizations’ goals and their needs are satisfied. Sophisticated moderns, on the other hand, accept trade unions as well as collective bargains to determine the terms and conditions of employment relations. Standard moderns also accept trade unions, but they change their approach towards them depending on internal and external pressures and responses. It is thus clear that, in traditionalist and sophisticated moderns style, both the manager and employees have the same goals and interests i.e. they are unitary. The other two recognize that the employees and the manager have different goals and interests (Guest et al., 2003:291-314). Managerial Strategies to the Employment of Non-union Organizations Non- union organizations are a disadvantage to the

Summary for a two articles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Summary for a two articles - Essay Example The article being reviewed by DeHoog emphasizes upon the core issues, values, market management strategies and policies related with the management of public service contracts (p.66). In this concise commentary DeHoog has mentioned the weaknesses and strengths of the authors’ points being presented in the article. He has thoroughly reviewed the issues being discussed by the authors and their approaches to discuss those issues. The critic appreciates certain elements of the article under observation (for example, the comprehensive connections between the theory and practice of contracting) and disapproves of others (for example, the neglecting of certain â€Å"nuances† of contracting). The author believes that the impact of political power in terms of contracting has been underplayed in this study; there is a political agenda at plat behind the upsurge of the contracting business that has not been touched in the article. The authors of that article are more inclined towards taking contracting as a managerial service, and so they tend to eliminate the strong role of evolving political situations in contracting. DeHoog claims that the authors have managed to put forth a clear structured guide for contracting practitioners and students, yet they have failed to emphasize that this employment is neither a clear cut business, nor an easy one. Moreover, he says that his view has been shaped by the stinging questions that emerge due to the severe opportunist culture and corruption of the whole affair even in places where competent workers are hired. He says that these authors have failed to point out the extent of political impact on discussion making; their values are economy, a pro-business philosophy and an election-coalition building value. While balancing stakeholders, unaware managers might not even understand the hold of these pressures on their services, and perhaps those who know would conveniently

Automotive Industry Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Automotive Industry Marketing - Essay Example It is closely followed by General Motors and Ford as the second major players in the industry. On the industry relationship there is a close relationship between the different major players with cross ownership of different groups by same players. For example Porsche holds about 20percent ownership in Volkswagen group while Renault-Nissan alliances have different holding in the world. However Toyota remains the world largest vehicle manufacture group with more than 5 brands in the market. (Auto Industry, 2008) As such there has been increasing competition in the industry. This has been due to the changes that have been taking place in the market and the change in consumer preference of cars. The increasing awareness of the environmental impact of cars has been a major shift in the industry as consumers prefer cars which are more fuel efficient and environment friendly. This has seen a drop of sales in some of the leading car produced like the Ford and General Motor since they were not able to adapt to the demand by the consumers and consequently there was rise of Toyota which was seen as producing cares which were more environmental friendly. (Meiners, 2007) The increasing competition in the industry has seen the rise of intense advertisement which is all aimed at showing the customers how a certain brand is efficient and meets their demand. The trend has been to show consumers how efficient is their brands and how friendly they are to the environment. Communication strategy Three have been many strategies that have been used in the industry in order to reach out to the consumers. There has been increase in the advertisement as the consumer preference shift and at the same time in consideration of the changes that have been taking place in the market. The advertisements have been reflecting the efficient of the brand in their efforts to meet the demands by consumers and the demand of the environment. Due to the increasing rise of communication technology, the industry has been in the leading front to take the advantage and reach all customers. Therefore there has been increasing trend of increased consumption as players in the industry use all the available means of communication in order to reach the customer. Of particular target have been the increased use of internet and its related channels of communication like the U tube. However there has also been increased use of the bill boards and other Medias of communication like the mass media sign TV radio, news paper, magazines, and others. This has been in effort of reaching as many customers as one can and reaching the customer before the other brand reaches them. This has resulted to creation of very impressive and effective means of advertisement to the consumers. They are designed in such a way that they don't just pass the message to the customer but they also shows them an additional value that they can get from the brands. The aims of the advertisements in the industry as we have said is not only to inform the customer of the existence of a certain brand in the market but also to show them that the brand has an additional value compared to others. Let us evaluate some of the advertisements that we have collected. First all the advertisements clearly pass the massage that they are meant to communicate to the consumer. They are well designed in a way that they are appealing to the

Working Environment and Family Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Working Environment and Family - Essay Example The key issue that has been addressed in this book is the emergence of increase in number of working women, who have mostly young children. The relationship of working mothers in this hair-pulling environment to justify between workload and family responsibilities is the main area of discussion. Different types of social parameters have analyzed to get the gist of this social problem. Parameters includes the rate of poverty per family, low birth weight incidences, pregnancies in teen ages, abortions ratio, mortality rates particularly among young children and infants and the result of eight-graders particularly in mathematics and science. Why are private solutions inadequate to address the work/family needs of Americans Americans, both males and females are moving towards working environment. No matter multi national corporations, Non-governmental organizations, Food chains, departmental stores or any other. The imbalance has visibly seen among all the fields if, we closely observe the work/family needs of all Americans. This issue has not been identified or noticed by the employers. Mostly the solutions offered by most of the private companies are not pro-employee rather they are more focused towards productivity or company demands.

Human Factor In The Crash Of Eastern Airlines Flight 401 Research Paper

Human Factor In The Crash Of Eastern Airlines Flight 401 - Research Paper Example Later, looking at he records, it was realized that the flight had landed at an approximate rate of 200 feet as per every minute taken. As the flight was going on, everything seemed alright so the crew was just relaxed. It was then that they discovered that that the nose gear was missing and was not fully locked down to the position it normally is. The light indicator for the nose gear was also meaning that that particular warning could not be detected in case of any. This is the landing gear which is normally at the front of the plane. The air traffic control was informed of a missed approach by a captain who had operated for a period of 30,000 hours worth of flights. They had missed the first landing and he was asking for grounds to try yet another landing. This was to buy him more time to confirm whether or not he had a landing problem with his gears. He was a man who had served in this field for long therefore, panicking was not any part of his schedule. All he asked for was more time to detect the problem that he was encountering before he could land at any given time. This was because, he was aware of the danger based on such a situation. Because of the missed approach, he climbed 200 feet abo ve the ground heading to the westerly sides. The emergency crew was not focused on the facts of the dangers that they were facing during the landing process. They were only focused on the fact that they were flying a new TriStar that they were flying for the first time. They were not even aware of the fact that they were housing 163 passengers whose lives were in danger. Such events have happened in the past but there was a safe landing always. They are totally aware of the risk that the situation posed to the passengers therefore, they should have taken action. To that effect, they should have been ready with the emergency team on the move o that they are in a position to save life as in other instances before. This was a simple situation that could not lead to the death of all those people if the crew members were alert after noticing the situation. There is always a risk of fire in such landings but they are some things that can be avoided. An engineer was sent to look at the problem that the plane was facing the flight and the landing. It was believed to be an engineering rather an electronic problem that caused the crash. Looking at the situation, we realize that the crew on board was not keen enough to realize the problem before time. They were also not ready to perform a rescue mission on the passengers. If they were keen enough to get ready for the disaster, less damage would have occurred. It so happens that due to their ignorance, three of them also died in the crash. All this was a matter that would have been taken care of within the time that the pilot was still buying time to budget for a second trial on landing. According to the management, that was a small issue that could not have caused a situation like that. This cannot be based on possibilities but on facts of all that happened in the situation. A maintenance specialist in the plane talked to the crew about the situation so that they would get ready for any situation. (Driskell E, Salas E p,130) He later went back to the electronic bay, but no action was taken. Two warnings were sounded to the crew but they did do anything about it. The whole situation was a technical problem that could have been avoided had the crew been keener when they were told about the situation. This means that the arrogance within the crew has to be taken

E- Commerce application for Computer hardware Sale Essay

E- Commerce application for Computer hardware Sale - Essay Example Thomas asserts that, The main stages in the development of a good interface involves conducting a detailed requirement analysis which aids in establishing the goals to be achieved by the website, outlining the site design and architecture details and performing a task analysis, prototyping, creating, testing and launching the site. After launching the site, analysis of the feedback messages is necessary to improve the site. Dix et al (pg 84) ascertains that, the use of HCI increases the productivity and reduces costs. Saving results due to few errors, reduced user interruption, reduced support staff workload, elimination of maintenance, redesign and training costs. HCI involves the design, implementation, analysis and evaluation of computer systems in relation to the user, the work and tasks. According to Dix et al (94), for an effective HCI design and implementation, the skills of sociology, psychology, computer engineering, ergonomics, sales and marketing, graphic design and technical knowledge are necessary in order to archive a high quality and effective site. HCI design must emphasize on efficient methods of communication between the users. Usability engineering is necessary in the interface design which comprises half of the software work, done on the site. Models must be formulated to help solve solution and allow the designer visualize the situation at hand says, Cooper & Riemann (pg 231). For a successful HCI design, both the user model and the implementation model are important. Most software developers concentrate on the complex software design limiting the functionality and ergonomics of the site from the user's side. Newmann and L amming, (pg 163) asserts that, conceptual design assist the user understand the system through the development of the user model. According to Newmann and Lamming, (pg 163-231), developments in the HCI field have lead to invention and use of different site enhancement techniques. These include text to speech technology which allows the synthesis of text to speech which greatly helps the visionary impaired people access the website and the use of multi modal interfaces which allow for auditory and visual interfaces creating a conducive environment for the users. These aspects of HCI greatly boost the universality of the system, says Cooper & Riemann, (pg 301). Other barriers that HCI overcomes include; colour blindness, tunnel vision, physically disability which results in the user being unable to manipulate the input devices and storage devices, age barriers and cognitive barriers. Eric (pg, 76), asserts that the security of any website is paramount especially when payments will be made using a computers and the internet. It is necessary to design an elaborate security system that prevents loss and malicious damage or access of information. There are many internet security systems that are used for enhancing security but Stephen (pg 98) argues that The SSL system or the secure socket layer is effective software for website protection. According to Stephen (pg 106), there are two major problems that occur in any network, these problems include not connecting to the right computer and loss of information/ malicious access to information when transferring information from one computer to another in a given network. The SSL system was developed by Netscape and is used for

Human Factor In The Crash Of Eastern Airlines Flight 401 Research Paper

Human Factor In The Crash Of Eastern Airlines Flight 401 - Research Paper Example Later, looking at he records, it was realized that the flight had landed at an approximate rate of 200 feet as per every minute taken. As the flight was going on, everything seemed alright so the crew was just relaxed. It was then that they discovered that that the nose gear was missing and was not fully locked down to the position it normally is. The light indicator for the nose gear was also meaning that that particular warning could not be detected in case of any. This is the landing gear which is normally at the front of the plane. The air traffic control was informed of a missed approach by a captain who had operated for a period of 30,000 hours worth of flights. They had missed the first landing and he was asking for grounds to try yet another landing. This was to buy him more time to confirm whether or not he had a landing problem with his gears. He was a man who had served in this field for long therefore, panicking was not any part of his schedule. All he asked for was more time to detect the problem that he was encountering before he could land at any given time. This was because, he was aware of the danger based on such a situation. Because of the missed approach, he climbed 200 feet abo ve the ground heading to the westerly sides. The emergency crew was not focused on the facts of the dangers that they were facing during the landing process. They were only focused on the fact that they were flying a new TriStar that they were flying for the first time. They were not even aware of the fact that they were housing 163 passengers whose lives were in danger. Such events have happened in the past but there was a safe landing always. They are totally aware of the risk that the situation posed to the passengers therefore, they should have taken action. To that effect, they should have been ready with the emergency team on the move o that they are in a position to save life as in other instances before. This was a simple situation that could not lead to the death of all those people if the crew members were alert after noticing the situation. There is always a risk of fire in such landings but they are some things that can be avoided. An engineer was sent to look at the problem that the plane was facing the flight and the landing. It was believed to be an engineering rather an electronic problem that caused the crash. Looking at the situation, we realize that the crew on board was not keen enough to realize the problem before time. They were also not ready to perform a rescue mission on the passengers. If they were keen enough to get ready for the disaster, less damage would have occurred. It so happens that due to their ignorance, three of them also died in the crash. All this was a matter that would have been taken care of within the time that the pilot was still buying time to budget for a second trial on landing. According to the management, that was a small issue that could not have caused a situation like that. This cannot be based on possibilities but on facts of all that happened in the situation. A maintenance specialist in the plane talked to the crew about the situation so that they would get ready for any situation. (Driskell E, Salas E p,130) He later went back to the electronic bay, but no action was taken. Two warnings were sounded to the crew but they did do anything about it. The whole situation was a technical problem that could have been avoided had the crew been keener when they were told about the situation. This means that the arrogance within the crew has to be taken

Gender wage gap discrimination in Canada, ontario and how it affects Essay

Gender wage gap discrimination in Canada, ontario and how it affects women especially, immigrant women. - 12 font, time new roman - Essay Example Despite the efforts of the international labour organization and the human rights commission to fight against wage differences across genders, this problem still persists. Research shows that wage balance is one way of empowering the economy by providing equal chances for every person in the society to develop. While some analytics argue that wage gap is a result of difference in education level across genders, this paper argues that wage gap is a form of discrimination. The gender wage gap in Ontario has been a controversial issue since early 1980s when this difference was noted. Cornish and Faraday (2008) noted that women salary for equal position in Ontario is 29% below that of women indicating a wide salary gap across the gender boundaries. A close look at the wage gap trends indicates that there has only been slight improvement in the last 25 years despite the numerous efforts to close this gap. In 1987, before the emergence of wage gap activists, the wage gap was approximately 37% in Ontario. These trends indicate that the efforts to bring down the gap have been undermined and the gap remains wide. Cornish (2009) points out the wage gap has affected aboriginal women who have migrated to Ontario in search for a job. This trend in the Ontario employment sector is a matter that has attracted a lot of attention not only from the public but also to the women right activists as many feel that there is a need for equal pay across all gender as part o f diversity management. Cornish and Faraday (2008) point out that the wage gap difference is a matter of urgency that must be addressed to fight gender oppression in the society. Wages gap analysts have come up with myriad argument on the cause of wage gap across gender in Canada, Ontario. A good number of them argue that the education difference in Ontario is the major reason why there is wage gap in this society. The argument of those who feel

Local Labour In The Construction Industry

Local Labour In The Construction Industry Chapter 1 1.0 Introduction Malaysia is now experiencing a new era of prosperity. The government invented and implemented a series of five year development plans and laid the foundation for the development in the country. Since the 60s, Malaysias economy grew rapidly and many jobs were created in the construction industry. In the early of 90s, Malaysia is facing lack of labour and there was a shortage of labour in the manufacturing industries. The labour shortage then expanded to the construction industry. The economic growth in the past two decade has led to a higher standard of living which also contributed to the locals objection to the 3D (dirty, demeaning and dangerous) sectors, which were eventually filled up by unskilled foreign workers. Malaysia is too depend on foreign workers, especially in our services industry or 3D industry. This doesnt contribute much to our economy as most of the income received by these workers are channelled back to their home countries but not use in Malaysia. This also mean there are high cash outflow. The government consider foreign workers as a cheap source of labour that could enhance the countrys export competitiveness had been encouraging the deployment of foreign labour in the 1990s. Prof Datuk Dr Mohamed Ariff of the Malaysian Institute of Economic Research believes that if Malaysia had not allowed the massive influx of foreign workers, local manufacturers would have been forced to innovate and automate to boost productivity to maintain their competitiveness. (Kok, 2011) The governments effort in reducing the countrys dependence on low-skilled foreign workers has been ongoing, as evidenced in the gradual reduction in the number of registered foreign workers over the last two years. The target is to reduce the number of foreign workers to 1.5 million by 2015. Many economists feel that what Malaysia needs is skilled or highly skilled workers, not cheap, unskilled foreign workers. (Alan Ting, 2008) 1.1 Problem Statement Many foreign workers site nowadays getting more and more, as they have a big group, they starting to cause a lot of problem, especially social and security problems. Recently from The Star News (20th June 2007), happened that a group of foreigner involved in fights, widespread break-ins and drug pushing have become a common sight at Klang. According to Ahmad, 1996. To avoid these problem happened, Contractor should hire local workers, but local workers are not interested to undertake the construction works. Contractors argue that they no longer could find local workers willing to work in construction industry because the salaries are low. Besides, construction industry is viewed by local as 3Ds job which mean Dirty, Dangerous and Difficult job. Local youth nowadays has less interest to work in the construction industry. This can affect the speed of development in construction industry. The reason that local workforce is not interested on this sector is they think that the job is dirty, dangerous and difficult to face. Therefore it results the industry are forced to hire foreign workers to keep the industry develop. (Shiadri Binti Saleh, 2008) Secondly, the group of foreign workers hired by the industry basically unskilled, so contractor or his assistant need to teach and advice the foreign workers while constructing building.(P. Larcher, 2001) Besides, the unskilled and problematic workers will not only cause delay in project completion but also cause poor quality of works which is not meeting the industrys skill standard. (Bachan Singh, 2011) Nowadays, construction companies are learning to pay low wages often results in poor workmanship, which effects both the quality of the products being produced, as well as the companys overall reputation. Low-cost labour can translate into unskilled labour, and in order to remain competitive in todays global market, companies must keep pace with the continuous advances in technology. (Amber Keefer, 2012) Poor workmanship of foreign labour can cause defects. According to Kurt Arnold, defects are from poor workmanship devalue property and can lead to additional damage to structures and materials. Poor workmanship is frequently the root cause of construction defects. Even quality building products, if installed or used incorrectly, it may fail to effectively serve their intended purposes or last as long as they are designed to last. Due to Local young have less interest on construction industry, CIDB is working hard to attract more local skilled workers. The implementation of accredit skilled workers system was to maintain a high standard workforce. These workers will get higher salaries than normal labourers. 1.3 Aim To study the factor that led to the poor participation of local labour in the construction industry. 1.4 Objectives To identify the advantage and disadvantage of poor participation of local labour in the construction industry. To determine the factors that led to the poor participation of local labour in the construction industry. To find out the strategies to improve the participation of local labour in the construction industry. 1.5 Scope of Study Firstly, the questionnaire will be set out with about 30 questions and target to send out 100 sets. Then, the respondents that I am aiming is Contractor of Malaysia. To get a contractor which is easier to consult and can give more information, it would be Class A contractors . Class A contractors are chosen because the job scope of them are very wide (such as mostly on infrastructure) and the worker or labour require by them are a lot. So we can get information about what kind of labour he is using( local or foreign) and the reason they choose the type of workers. I will find contractor class A at KL area, because mostly the infrastructure project will be having there. Such as MRT project. Kuala Lumpur is a high developing area. So, there are much more infrastructure need to be completed by contractor class A. After collecting the data, then data will be analyzed by using statistical method to ease us compare and conclude the result. Finally, conclusion and recommendation can be make from the overall data collected and questionnaire. 1.6 The methodology flow chart Selected Topic of Study Statement of Problems Determine the Critical Factors Determine the Advantage and Disadvantage of Local Labour Conclusion Recommendation / suggestion Data Analysis Questionnaire Determine the strategy of Improvement Data Collection Literature Review Define Objectives 1.7 Significant of Study The study of the topic is mainly to identify the factor that lead to poor participation of local worker in construction industry, follow by the causes and the solution to attract more local people to the construction industry. This is important because factor can tell us that the problem and why the young today are not interested on construction industry. Next, we can know causes of the lack of participation of local people in construction industry. Such as, it can cause the industry over depending on foreign worker. Thus over hire foreign worker can cause a lot of thing to happen, such as, cultural pollution, social problem and even outflow of Malaysias money. After all of these are identified, then we can find some solutions to prevent or reduce happening of these. Besides, from this study, it enable me to learn more about Construction industry of Malaysia and the important of the support from local workforce. CHAPTER 2 2.1 Introduction In this chapter, we are discussing factors of influence the local labour less interested to work in construction industry. The thing to be discuss is related to image of a person, economy of country , outsourcing of labour through sub-contractor system, lack of training and skill formation, large number of foreign workers, poor site accommodations and services and change in education. 2.1.1 Skilled Labour According to Investopedia, skilled labour is defined as a segment of the workforce with a high skill level that creates significant economic value through the work performed (humad capital). Skilled labour is generally characterised by high education or expertise levels and high wages. Skilled labour involves complicated tasks that require specific skill sets, education, training and experience, and may involve abstract thinking. 2.1.2 Semi-Skilled Labour Based on the explanation from World English Dictionary, it says that semi-skilled labour is party skilled or trained but not sufficiently to perform specialized work. Semi-skilled worker need some skills to do work but does not require doing the complex work. 2.1.3 Unskilled Labour Investopedia explained that a segment of the work force associated with a low skill level or a limited economic value for the work performed (human capital). Unskilled labour is generally characterised by low education levels and low wages. Work that requires no specific education or experience is often available to workers who fail into the unskilled labour. 2.2 Construction in the Eyes of Local Workforce. Evidence from different place of the world indicate that construction workers do not view thier employment in a very favorable light. Construction is viewed by almost everywhere as a low status job. In many other countries, either rich or poor, people work in construction out of necessity and not out of choice. Almost universally they wish for better things for their next generation. (ILO,2001) In construction industry, a lot of workers with different level such as skilled labour, semi-skilled and unskilled labour. But most of the people view construction industry as dirty job as well as dangerous jobs. Some even said the construction industry is unattractive job. (Nazib Faizal, 2012) In Malaysia, young workforce would rather unemployed than work in the construction industry. Official estimates put foreign labours at 80% of the entire construction workforce in 1992 (Abdul Aziz, 2001) 2.3 The Factors of Local Workforce Less Interested in Construction 2.3.1 Poor Image in the Eyes of Workforce Local young generation workforce has a poor view to construction industry. They just thought that the nature of work of construction is dirty, difficult and dangerous. But the real reason why construction work is so poorly regarded has much more to do with the term on which labour is recruited than the nature itself. For many construction workers around the world the term of employment have always been poor (ILO,2001) In Malaysia, accidents on construction sites always happened. Such as, sometimes we can hear or saw the news about site accident due to nature disaster(soil erosion) that caused workers seriously injured or even dead. Accidents on Construction sites are too common that everyone has come to accept them as an unavoidable characteristic of the industry. This situation is attribute to the casual terms of employment, the commitment of illegal foreign workers and the non-coverage of workers under nation insurance scheme (Abdul Aziz,1995) Next, reason of Malaysian are not willing to take up this job because it is danger to personal safety by construction work. Statistics from the social Security Organisation (SOCSO) showed that on the average, 5,000 accidents occurred in construction sites annually between 2000 and 2004. This figure stands about 5% to 6.5% of the total number of accident reported over the period. An average of 80 workers was killed in such accidents (Fong Chan Onn, 2006) Based on the inspection which conducted by Department of Safety and Health (DOSH), they found out that the major factor of accidents happened at site is contributed by lack of awareness on safety and health. They rate the safety and health of the construction site is not fulfill the satisfaction. Besides, often, workers are not comply with the rules and regulations of safety and health at the sites. This can cause much more serious injury or even depth happen. During accidents happen at the construction site, the workers are not only the one who injured, but also may cause injured or death to the public. So, all of these accidents had spoiled the image of construction industry. 2.3.2 Lack of Training and Skill Formation In construction industry, young, educated and experience workers are hard to find. This is because nowadays, young workforce has less experience and low skill. This is contributed by when they are in college or university, school provide less practical to them instead of theory. Even though students are provide to industrial training, but they cannot learn so much due to few reasons. Firstly, industrial training period is too short which they cannot manage to learn everything. Secondly is, the senior are unable to thrust trainees work as they are inexperience. Seniors worry that trainees work, so they do not dare to give heavy duty to trainee. Thirdly, Senior workers are too busy with their work which caused they have no time to teach the trainee. All of these are contribute to poor skill of young generation. In Malaysia, the problem that often sighted is the passing of skills through informal apprenticeship is often kept within family, clan or tribe and when circumstances dictate that skills should be transferred to outsiders they may be some dilution, with not all skilled passed on (Abdul Aziz,2001) For Malaysian, they always change company when they are offered with higher salary. So, the company has to hire new workers and re-train them. Training workers are very costly and time consuming. So when contractor is bidding for a project, he might raise the price of their bids which could make the contractor unable to compete with others. 2.3.3 Unattractive Jobs The other reason of local young workforces are not attracted by this job is because there are already a lot of foreign workers doing this job. The image of this job is already spoiled by the foreign because foreigners are normally with low skills and poor educational background. So, local young workforce might think that they were hired as unskilled and low education, therefore, they do not want to be look down by other friends and parents. This caused the local refused to join construction industry. As the result, construction industry need to hire more foreign workers to keep moving forward. In Malaysia, official estimates put foreign labours at 80% of entire construction workforce in 1992 (Abdul Aziz,2001) This situation again will cause the entire construction industry lack of local workers. 2.3.4 Poor Site Accommodations and Services In Malaysias construction industry, contractor has a common practice which is providing temporary accommodation on the site for workers to stay. The temporary accommodation is usually made up from timber and zinc. This type of accommodation was less conducive to most of the Malaysian Workers. This is also one of the reason why Malaysian workers are shying away from the construction sector and consider employment in the construction sector as not dignified enough (CIDB News, 2009) Besides, the services and facilities at sites provided by some contractors are not good enough. 2.3.5 Low Salary In Malaysia, the salary for site labour are consider low. Because in construction industry, they hired too many foreign workers which is pay in very low rate. But Local workforce are requesting higher salary. In this case, contractor would rather hire foreign workers as they accept low salary. As for the demand in high salary, local workers were lured overseas country such as Singapore, Taiwan and Japan. There is where they were paid a much more higher salary based on their skills. This is the reason of our construction industry relied on foreign work force. 2.3.5.1 Factors Influenced The Labour Salary (1) Location Location can influence the salary of labour. For the place such as city area that has more projects especially infrastructure project, the need of labour are higher compared to rural area which have less project. Since the city area has higher living standard, the amount of money used per day also high. So for the city labour, local workforce cannot accept such low salary offered in construction industry in city area. Unlike, rural area labour can accept low salary, because their living standard are lower which do not need high salary. (2) Competition among the contractors Contractors receive a project by tendering, to win a tender, their tender pricing must more reasonable low. Normally, Client would like to have a lower cost project. So, for the contractor to able to compete with others, they will firstly lower their construction cost by reducing labours salary. (3) Risky Project For every project, there is risk in between. For larger project or higher building, the risk will be higher since it face to more technical machinery and higher floor level when workers are doing their work. Such as higher building need higher scaffolding, therefore it is more dangerous when it goes higher. So to prevent contractor from losing more money from accident, contractor therefore buy insurance to cover the workers. Beside, contractor need high skilled workers to handle a much more dangerous situation. High skilled workers are much more expensive compared to unskilled or semi skilled workers. All of these are affecting the cost of labour and cost of construction. (4) Labours Market For most of the local labour cannot fulfill domestic demands such as the working duration, not durable under sunlight, and stamina is not that good. Thus government allow foreign labour to be imported to fulfill the demand of constrcution industry. This is because foreign labour such as Indonesian, they are more durable under the sun and have good stamina and importantly they can accept low wages. In this situation, foreign labour wage is much lower than the local labours, thus many contractor take foreign worker to reduce their wages expenses. 2.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of Poor Participation of Local Labour 2.4.1 Advantages of Poor Participation of Local Labour In recent years, there has been a big problem that the foreign workers have caused economic problems in Malaysia. However, it is not to reject the positive impacts of foreign labour on economic issues. Assuming that there are many problems the evidences, (Chan Moha, 1998) indicated that there are also direct and positive impacts of the foreign workers. The foreign workers have benefited in the income development. Foreign workers were immensely beneficial to the economy. This shows the positive quantitative contribution of foreign workers to Malaysians economic growth. The implications of foreign workers on the Malaysian economy have been immense especially since the late 1980s (Zehadul et al, 1999) Wage structure is one of the significant role in maintaining lower wage levels. This also indicated Sidney (1996), foreign labour offer an endless stream of cheap labour that can keep wages low and growth high. Generally speaking, foreign workers contribute to the economy by supplying a cheaper labour force. As a matter of fact, foreign workers usually receive a lower salary than local workers and the difference can help to maintain the decrease in production cost. As stated by Oleg (2002) that the attracting cheap workforce means cutting production costs, hence the production cost for construction development is kept low which is an advantage in the foreign workers. Malaysia, which have seriously shortages of workforce in construction industry, by importation of foreign workers could minimize the workforce shortage problem. The supply of this additional labour force fulfilled the urgent demand for labour which could not be met so quickly and at a cheaper rate Here, importantly the foreign workers accepted those jobs which are rejected by the local workers especially the construction jobs that known as 3Ds job. Moreover, if we assume that the foreign workers are equally productive as the local workers, one can safely say that foreign workers make net positive contributions. It has already been brought to our notice that the value added of dollar spent on labour in Malaysia is around 5 times in the manufacturing sector (Ghosh, 1998). If this is true, then there are sufficient positive value-added effects of foreign workers in the Malaysia economy. 2.4.2 Disadvantages of Poor Participation of Local Labour 2.4.2.1 Hiring Foreign Labour in Construction Industry and The Impacts Poor participation of local labour can caused the contractor is being forced to hire foreign labour. Generally, local people tend to feel that foreign workers are contributing problems in the country and economy. Malaysia Construction industry firms were experiencing various problems due to foreign labour. Recently, the problem of foreign labour in construction industry is as follow: a) Cultural Pollution Most foreign workers are peaceful. They want to earn money to send homeland for their family. In most cases, concern over foreign labour is linked to anxieties over what some have characterised as cultural pollution and over foreignisation (Weiner, 1990). They may change the cultural and social orders of the normal practice of the locals in construction industry. b) Social Problem Legal and illegal foreign labour also contribute to many social problems and make the impacts on the locals. They create many social problems like spread of diseases, theft, robbery, cheating, killings, illegal settlement and so on. They form syndicates. If there are no syndicates, legal and illegal immigrants cannot arrive in Malaysia. According to Tey (1997), as shown by unpublised police records at the police headquarters in Bukit Aman, between 1985 and 1991, foreign labour accounted for between 14.7% and 18.2% of all murders commited in the country. The figure for gang roberry was between 32.7% to 48.2%. c) Economic Issues The foreign workers have an impact on the wage structure, labour market, competition with locals. Another perceived bad impact is the high remittances sent out by foreign workers to their home countries. Foreign workers also thought to be responsible for the higher rate of inflation because of their increased demand. They enjoy public goods without paying taxes and user fees. As such they become free-riders in the Malaysia economy. They are ensured health and other facilities with free. However it cannot be rejected that the use of temporary foreign labour enables the rapidly growing economics and societies to fulfill manpower needs in dead-end, low status, low wage sectors of the economy such as construction sectors (Zehadulet al, 1999). d) Low Wages for Local Workers and Taking jobs away from Locals Womens Workers Association President Silam Hassan (2004) Claimed the problem of foreign workers stemmed from the Governments open policy which drew large numbers of outsiders to the extent that local workers had compete with them for jobs. As a result of the inflow of foreign workers in the construction industry, the wage rate for local workers has gone down simultaneously. Because of poor participation of local workers, the foreign workers are slowly taking over the work from locals. In construction industry, the foreign worker going into sub-contracting work, where there is a lot of money to be made. Besides, the presence of illegals create problems also since illegals are not limitted by rules and regulations and are free to infiltrate into any jobs so long as the employers are willing to accept them. e) Foreign Labour Caused Works Delay Construction industry is labour intensive industry, but due to poor participation of local labours, construction industry is depending on large number of foreign labour. According to Economic Report 2003/2004, The new Immigration Act 1995/63 (Amendment 2002), which came into effect on 1st August 2002, about 318,300 illegal immigrants were deported in 2002. This has caused construction activities in all stages to slow down. Consequently, there was a labour crunch that cause costly work delays. In a move intended to reduce dependence on foreign labour and increase employment opportunities for locals, the government has shortened the validity period of work permits to 3 years. The policy change will seriously affect human resource planning in construction industry and caused delay of works. f) Low Productivity and quality due time consuming to train new workers In the reduction of the duration of work permits for foreign workers from 6 or 7 years to only 3 years had caused deterioration in the poor quality of workmanship and low productivity. This is because foreign labours that had 3 years experience may be replaced by those do have prior construction experience, thus resulting in low productivity and poor quality of work and time consuming on teaching the inexperience labours. Some of them were not able to cope with new experience of working on large-scale projects. Abdul Rahim (2009) also mentioned that the lack of quality foreign labour that have been hired is one of the main problems in construction industry. The companies that lose workers will need to hire new ones, who are likely to be unskilled and inexperienced. That means the employers have to spend time and resources to train these new workers. As indicated in Master Builder (Abdul Rahim, 2009), upon commencement, the foreign labour would require another 2. to 3 months to go through an orientation or learning curve period before they become productive. Furthermore, on-the-job training will take around seven to eight months then only the foreign workers will begin to contribute to company. To some extent, the training was difficult, as most foreign labour were paid daily wages and were reluctant to undergo training due to loss pay. g) Heavy Expenses in the Recruitment Process and Long Permit Processing Times Malaysia introduced harsh new immigration laws, thus the construction industry is suffering from an acute shortage of foreign workers throughout the nation. As a result, this has caused construction industry activities to be delayed albeit contractors trying to best of their endeavours to recruit new workforce. The central problem now appears to be the long processing time taken by the authorities to grant the foreign work permit (Abdul Rahim, 2009) Contractors securing new jobs have problems mobilizing new workers on time, due to this long work permit or recruitment process. Based on Abdul Rahman, (2009) he also mentioned that base on current experience, it takes about 2-3 months on a best case scenario to go through the entire administrative process, commencing from obtaining a work permit from the ministry of Home Affairs to the foreign workers gaining physical entry into Malaysia to work. Thus, it is not cost effective to send foreign workers home after the permit period (3 years) because of heavy expenses in the recruitment process. Meanwhile, the process to bring in foreign workers is tedious and time consuming. Besides, a lot of cost is involved in medical examinations, transportation and levies. Therefore, there is pressure in the system for employers to employ illegal foreign labour and to dodge the levies and charges which are incurred on the employment of legal foreign labour. 2.5 Strategies to improve the participation of local labour in the construction industry. 2.5.1 Cut Foreign Labour via Minimum Wage System Recently, there was no national minimum wage law applicable to the Malaysia in construction industry. Basic wage rates vary according to location and vay from company to company (MIDA,2009). The government should implement the minimum wage scheme in all job sectors to reduce the intake foreign workers and so that it can attract local labour with the standard wages. The scheme has to be enforced as the increasing the number of foreign workers in the country was only benefiting the employers and agencies that brought the workers in. The employers who took the workers in. The employers who took the workers in were only interested in cheap labour. This phenomenon was expected since the employers were more inclined to hire foreign workers who were prepared to accept low wages. But with the implement of the minimum wage scheme, contractors might have no choice but to employ local labour. Besides, with the wage control system, the local labour will accpet the wage rate. Furthermore, the quality of work will improve since local labour were mostly graduate with at least diploma level. 2.5.2 Industrialised Building Systems (IBS) The government encouragement to all employers to mechanise and move into less labour intensive process has not achieved the desired result. On the contrary, the demand for the foreign labour is increasing by the day. (Rydgren, 2004) The majority of foreign labour brought into the construction industry were wet trade labour involved in concrete, brick, and wood works. To reduce construction industry dependence on such foreign labour, we must change the way we work by reducing wet trade in the construction process. This could be achieved through implementation of the Industrialised Building Systems (IBS) Roadmap 2003-2010. By combining IBS with modern management technologies, the local skilled workers would fill the vacancies. They should adapt high technology to lessen the dependence on foreign manpower. CIDB would give free training to locals so that they can replace the foreign manpower and help the construction sector move towards using new technologies. The IBS Roadmap promises to reduce the number of workers at construction sites, usage of material and wastage. Conventional technology that is being used needs a lot of manpower, causing us to be dependent on foreign workers who are mostly unskilled. As a result, not only is the quality of workmanship being compromised but we also lose out in terms of money flowing out the country. With the IBS, wet trade workers can be reduced and construction world is now beginning to recognise the reduced and construction works focused on the use of the mechanisation and prefabrication. Besides, the construction world is now beginning to recognise the advantages to be gained by integrating fabricated steel and precast concrete with site cast concrete, much less labour is required on building sites. This result in the hidden cost of moving labour around tall or large buildings being lower (Peter, 2004). The Government even stopped offering incentives to labour-intensive firms, tuning its attention instead to developing of strategic high technology industries (Rajah, 2001) 2.6 Summary 2.1.1 Skilled Labour High skill level , high perfomance, high education, expertise, experienced and high wages 2.1.2 Semi-skilled labour Partly skilled or trained, not sufficient to perform specialised work. Do not in

Vocabulary :: essays research papers fc

Introduction One of the most fascinating aspects of words is that they all have a past. Some words in English, for example, can be shown to have been in place for more than 5000 years (P. Baldi, 1999). Ordinarily we pay little attention to the words we articulate; we concentrate instead on the meaning we intend to express and we are seldom conscious of how we express that meaning. Only if we make a mistake and we have to correct it or we have difficulty remembering a word we become conscious of our word. This means that most of us do not know where the word we use come from and how they come to have the meaning they do. English words come from several different sources. They developed naturally over the course of centuries from ancestral languages, they are also borrowed from other languages and we create many of them by various means of word vocabulary available to us today. History and morphology of the word Mother The idea of the mother goddess was invented in early ice age, some 25,000-30,000 years ago. She and her life giving breasts were called omma from which we have the words akin to maternal, matter, and mother. By the late ice age the Semites had shortened omma to om. The Dravidians of India are Semites who migrated to India after the ice age. They still call mother goddess omm. Om is also the present day Arabic word for female and mother. Omma became ma among the Iranians, meaning the female breast. From ma we have the Iranian maman. Also, we have the Iranian ma-Dar (earlier ma-tar) meaning breast which became mater in Latin, modor in Old English (725), madre in modern Italian, and mother in modern English (1425), (R.K.Barnhant, 2000). Collocation There are several words that fit together with the word mother.  Mother Country  Mother Nature  Mother Figure  Mother Tongue  Mother Board Connotation The word mother has a positive connotation as it describes maternal tenderness and affection although in American English mother could also mean motherfucker which carry a negative and vulgar meaning (Chambers, 1994). Semantic field relation The following are some semantic field relations to the word mother.  Father  Son  Daughter Semantic usage   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  REGISTER Mother  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Very Formal British English Mum  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Informal British English Mummy  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Informal British English mainly used by children Mom  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Informal American English Mommy  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Informal American English mainly used by children Ma  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Informal expression American and British English working class (often used with any much older woman)

Acetaminophen :: essays research papers

Acetaminophen   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the late 1800’s it was discovered that papa-amino-phenol, could reduce fever, but the drug was too toxic to use. A less toxic extract called phenacetin was later found to be just as effective but also had pain-relieving properties. In 1949, it was learned that phenacetin was metabolized into an active but also less toxic drug, acetaminophen. Since then, acetaminophen has been sold under many over the counter brand names, most popular being Tylenol.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Acetaminophen serves one basic purpose, to relieve pain. It is the main ingredient in pain killers that relieve headaches. It also substitutes anesthesia in circumcision surgery because anesthesia often cannot be used on infants. Dr. Michael Weitzman and 2 other doctors performed an experiment on an infant to test the effectiveness of the drug. The results were not identical, but there were increases in heart rate respiratory rate and crying. But the drug did more good as a pain reliever after the surgery than before the surgery.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Acetaminophen is ingested orally and is rapidly and completely absorbed into the gastrointestinal tract. It works in about one hour. The liver detoxifies 90% of it by mixing it with sulfuric acid, and another 3-5% is catabolized by enzyme reactions to the acid. The metabolites are excreted in the urine. The dosage of the drug should be used according to the carton instructions. A 10 gram over dose in adults, 140 mg for kids, can cause permanent liver damage. Also if you had just taken some other drugs , The acetaminophen may become more toxic since the drugs are catabolized in the liver. To protect yourself from injury, you should take 1 gram of vitamin C and Cysteine -a bodily antioxidant.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The kidneys can be permanently damaged if you continuously take the drug over a long period of time. You can get all kinds of cancers such as heart, liver , kidney. 40 % increase !!There are no nutrient supplements known to protect against kidney damage, but some amino acids such as Taurine powder and lots of Vitamin E might help.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Some people alternate the use of other OTC such as Aspirin, which also has other dangerous effects , but hopefully will reduce acetaminophen toxicity.

How does Shakespeare use language to reinforce these feelings? Essay

Comment on various sorts of love in the play ‘Romeo and Juliet. How does Shakespeare use language to reinforce these feelings? Romeo and Juliet, a tale of two ‘Star-crossed’ lovers, is similar to any modern-day, magazine featured love story. It features a typical teenage romance, which is destined for tragedy. Take West Side Story or even Grease; they all thrive around the same plot. William Shakespeare wrote Romeo and Juliet in the 16th Century. It is set in the 12th Century in the thriving city of Verona amongst the hate of two rival families; The Capulets and The Montagues. The plot intertwines itself around different types of love and ends with an act of truelove. Only through the young lover’s death do the two feuding families finally shake hands in a sign of reconciliation. Throughout the play Romeo and Juliet depend on one another as a source of support and love. One prime example of this is of Juliet and her nurse. This type of love is also featured at the beginning of the play between Romeo and his cousin, Benvolio. Throughout the beginning of Act 1 Scene 1 both Lord and Lady Montague (Romeo’s parents) and Benvolio show concern toward how Romeo has been behaving. They describe him as being ‘tearful’ and ‘unsociable’. Benvolio then shows himself as a close, sensitive friend to Romeo. He talks to Romeo sympathetically even though he has been pushed away by him. He displays care and support which could be classed as ‘brotherly love’. These actions between two people do not stop there as the same happens between Mercutio and Romeo in Act 2 Scene 4, Mercutio says to Romeo: ‘Why is not this better now than groaning for love, thou art sociable, thou art Romeo, for this drivelling love is like a great natural. ‘ In ‘Romeo and Juliet’ Shakespeare used techniques such as light imagery to emphasise a mood or a particular speech. In Elizabethan times, when ‘Romeo and Juliet’ was written, the stage in which it would have been performed would have been very simple. Therefore, Shakespeare had to rely on the words spoken by the characters to create the imagery needed. By using light to denote love he could create the images he wanted and the audience could picture the mood as opposed to seeing it. An example of this is when Romeo describes Juliet, his love, as a light breaking through a dark window (Act 2 Scene 2) or a bright angel or the sun. Juliet then goes on to describe the suddenness of their love like lightning: ‘It is too rash, too sudden, too like the lightning. ‘ (Act 2 Scene 2 line 118-119) This technique is so effective that Shakespeare uses it throughout ‘Romeo and Juliet’. Shakespeare was born and grew up during the Elizabethan times. Religion, money and wealth played a strong part in life in this era. In Shakespeare’s plays he reflects heavily on Elizabethan values in showing love and marriage to be the main focus of women’s life. Girls as young as 12 were encouraged to marry for Wealth and Status as opposed to love. According to an Elizabethan text it says: ‘It is generally considered foolish to marry for love, although love may occur in marriage. ‘ Elizabethan Life- Throughout the Ages The idea of arranged marriages was very popular during this time and this topic is featured in Romeo and Juliet. Juliet’s parents, Lord and Lady Capulet, are approached by, Paris, a suitable husband for their daughter. Through looking at his background and status in wealth, Lord Capulet decides that the two should marry. However, it could be said that Shakespeare wasn’t in favour of these marriages because he made two main characters express concern about the age of their daughter being so young. This is shown when Lord Capulet says to Paris: ‘My child is yet a stranger in the world, She hath not seen the change of fourteen years, Let two more summers wither in their pride, Ere we may think her ripe to be a bride. ‘ (Act 1 Scene 2) One of the most abnormal actions which would not normally fit in with Elizabethan life is when Romeo and Juliet marry because of pure love. When this play was written there was a small rising Elizabethan interest in marrying for love as apposed to status of wealth or family. By including this in the play he introduced his audience to what he thought should be accepted possibly in future life. In ‘Romeo and Juliet’ Shakespeare uses different types of language technique to create an emotion. A prime example of this is when the two lovers, Romeo and Juliet, meet for the very first time. They share a 14 line sonnet. In this sonnet there is religious imagery: Which mannerly devotion shows in this, For saints have hands that pilgrims’ hands do touch, And palm to palm is holy palmers’ kiss. (Act 1 Scene 5 lines 97-99) Here Romeo and Juliet use religious icons to express their love for each other and through mirroring the love between a pilgrim and a saint they are in reality talking about themselves. One of the reasons why Shakespeare has used this sonnet in the first meeting, between Romeo and Juliet is to emphasise their mutual feeling of ‘love at first sight’. It brings both rhythm and elegance to the text. By including sonnets in his text, Shakespeare is able to enhance and beatify the emotion. Before the famous two lovers, Romeo and Juliet, meet each other for the first time we discover, in the opening scene, that Romeo is infatuated with a lady called Rosaline. In Act 1 Scene 1 Romeo declares ‘She is too fair, to wise, wisely too fair, To merit bliss by making me despair. ‘ Romeo is indeed in despair as Rosaline, the women he apparently loves, has sworn that he will remain a virgin for the rest of her life. Benvolio reminds Romeo by saying ‘Then she hath sworn that she will still live chaste. ‘ Romeo partly in anger, starts using elaborate language to further describe his infatuation. He says: ‘Love is a smoke made with the fume of sighs, Being purged, a fire sparkling in lover’s eyes. ‘ Romeo’s love for Rosaline echoes Petrach’s, a popular English poet, work. Petrarch used very heavy descriptive language in his poetry. Romeo was almost obsessed with Rosaline but she rejected his advances. This type of infatuation is called Petrarchan love. Romeo’s love for Rosaline is classed as unrequited’ love or almost courtly love. Shakespeare wrote Romeo’s melodramatic speech about Rosaline to seem almost unconvincing. It was as if Shakespeare didn’t want the audience to believe that Romeo’s feelings were genuine. He uses oxymoron’s to persuade us that in fact Romeo’s love for Rosaline is false. An example of this is when Romeo says: ‘O brawling love, loving Hate, O heavy lightness, serious vanity. ‘ By including such techniques as this, it almost overdresses the text and enhances the fake- ness. Although the audience recognise that this love Romeo has is fake Shakespeare reinforces the audience’s suspicions by making one of his characters realise this too. Throughout the play Shakespeare uses the language to create and encourage dramatic tension. A good example of this is when the Friar Lawrence repeats the word ‘come’, in Act 5 Scene 3, four times within a short speech. By using repetition it builds up not only the pace but tension too. It is the Friar Laurence who comments on Romeo’s lack of genuine love. He believes that Romeo’s love for Rosaline is indeed false and is classed a doting rather than true love. He describes how this is common in young men by saying ‘Young men’s love then lies, Not truly in their hearts, but in their eyes. ‘ Act 2 Scene 2. Friar Laurence then goes on to quote Romeo’s love again, he says: ‘Thy love did read by rote, that could not spell. ‘ Act 2 Scene 3. He believes that Romeo’s love is more like a recitation memorised from a book, and that he has no true understanding of it. When Romeo approaches Friar Laurence, after attending the Capulet party, his attitude has changed. He has indeed fallen in love with a Capulet; the Montague’s opposition. The language Romeo uses is livelier which is apposed to the dull yet heavily decorated speech he earlier used. When Romeo claimed to be in love with Rosaline, the friar became fed up with Romeo’s speech being too flowery. He says ‘Be plain good son, and homely in thy drift’. (Act 2 Scene 3 Lines 55). In Act 2 Scene 3 Friar Laurence is suspicious of Romeo’s new found love and tells him not to be too hasty. Romeo seems to be convinced about his new love. Friar Laurence says that he will support him: ‘In one respect I’ll thy assistant be’. Although through Friar Laurence’s speech and reactions towards Romeo he is wary, the Friar sees this as an opportunity to bring the two contrasting families together: ‘For this alliance may so happy prove, to turn your household’s rumour to pure love. At the beginning of the play it features Sampson and Gregory, two Montague Servants. They start to boast to each about their sexual experiences. They talk about women losing their virginity and men’s erections and their lust for such things. This could be classed as Crude or Sexual love. Another place in the play where it happens is in Act 2 Scene 5 line 75. This is when the nurse behaves in a crude manner. She says jokingly, while sending Juliet of to her marriage with Romeo, ‘But you shall bear the burden soon at night. ‘ One of the most obvious types of love portrayed in Romeo and Juliet is true love. This is displayed between the two ‘Star-crossed’ lovers Romeo and Juliet. Throughout the play they show ‘true love’ for each other. One prime example of this is in the balcony scene in Act 2 Scene 2. Both through indirect and direct speech to one another they express their feelings for one another. Juliet says to Romeo: ‘Ere one can say ‘It lightens’. Sweet, good night, this bud of love, by summers ripening breath. My love is deep; the more I give to thee, the more I have. ‘ In Romeo and Juliet one type of love which is portrayed between Juliet her parents is paternal Love. Both her father and mother express concern over Juliet and her welfare. Her father mainly shows this when The County Paris asks to marry Juliet within the next couple of days. He replies:’ Monday ha, ha! Wednesday is too soon, A’ Thursday let it be’. The language used by Lord Capulet reinforces his love for Juliet by appearing strong yet making a joke out of the suddenness of the marriage. By saying ‘ha, ha! ‘ in response to Paris wanting the marriage to be on Monday it appears as if he has everything sorted out. Yet, in the real sense he doesn’t want to let his daughter go so soon. Throughout his next speech he appears to of thought he is doing the right thing by marrying Juliet to Paris. He makes sure that Paris is a worthy Gentleman therefore portraying affection and love for his daughter. One character who is not related to Juliet yet shows parental-like love towards her is her nurse. We know that previous to when the play is set that the nurse has lost her child. Although that Juliet’s Nurse does not believe in ‘true love’ she expresses love for Juliet. She lets Juliet and her lover, an enemy of the family, meet. In Act 1 Scene 3 line 60-63 she shows affection towards Juliet after conveying messages to from one lover to another: ‘Peace, I have done. God mark thee to his grace, Thou wast the prettiest babe that e’er I nursed. And I might live to see thee married once, I have my wish. ‘ The language used by the nurse is very affectionate and personal. This helps to reinforce the Nurse’s Parental love for Juliet. The play ends with a triumph of true love over a dutiful love, the marriage between Juliet and Paris, and the hate between the two families. Romeo and Juliet perform the ultimate act of true love by dying for each other in order to be together. The two feuding families of Verona finally shake hands and are united through this tragedy. In shaking hands they are formalising Romeo and Juliet’s love. Capulet says: O brother Montague, give me thy hand. This is my daughter’s jointure, for no more can I demand. ‘